What is Forex (FX) trading, and how does it function?
Forex brokers make money via the bid/offer spread, commissions, overnight swap fees, and miscellaneous fees such as inactivity fees or withdrawal fees.
Forex stands as the world's largest and most liquid financial market, witnessing daily trades in trillions of dollars. Operating as an over-the-counter (OTC) market without a centralized exchange, it remains one of the least comprehended. This article aims to walk you through essential aspects to grasp before engaging in Forex trading.
A Brief History of Forex
In the 17th century, the inaugural significant forex market emerged in Amsterdam, facilitating currency exchanges between parties from England and Holland. During the early 19th century, currency exchange played a pivotal role in the operations of Alex. Brown & Sons, the first investment bank in the United States.The Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 mandated currencies to be linked to the US dollar, which itself was pegged to the price of gold. This arrangement aimed to prevent competitive currency devaluations and foster international economic growth.The collapse of the Bretton Woods Agreement occurred in 1971 when US President Richard Nixon declared the suspension of the US dollar's convertibility into gold. By 1973, major world currencies commenced floating freely against each other.In the mid-1980s, currency trading adopted the Reuters Dealing system, allowing banks to receive real-time currency quotes. The late 1990s marked the integration of forex trading into the mainstream, driven by widespread access to personal computers and the internet. Brokers offering leveraged currency trading through their software platforms further facilitated this shift, opening up the forex market beyond the exclusive domain of major banks and financial institutions.
What is Forex Trading?
The global decentralized marketplace for currency trading, known as the foreign exchange (forex) market, stands as the world's largest and most liquid financial arena, boasting a daily trading volume of $6 trillion. Unlike equity and futures markets, forex trading lacks a centralized physical location or exchange. Instead, financial institutions engage in currency trading through the interbank market, a global network. This market operates continuously, 24 hours a day, five days a week, from 5 p.m. EST on Sunday to 4 p.m. EST on Friday.
What is the operational mechanism of Forex trading?
Forex trading involves the simultaneous purchase of one currency and the sale of another. Currencies are traded in pairs, such as the Euro against the US Dollar (EUR/USD), where the first currency is the base currency, and the second is the counter or quote currency.For instance, if the EUR/USD is at 1.14149, it signifies that €1 is equivalent to $1.14149. The exchange rate represents the amount of the quote currency (USD) equal to 1 unit of the base currency (EUR).When anticipating an appreciation of the base currency against the quote currency, traders can opt to buy (go long) the pair. Conversely, if they expect the base currency to weaken against the quote currency, they can choose to sell (go short) the pair.In forex trading, a standard lot size is 100,000 units of the base currency, with each pip (standard price increment) valued at $10. Many firms now offer the option to trade in smaller sizes, such as mini lots of 10,000 units and micro lots of 1,000 units.
Forex pairs are categorized in the following manner:
- Minor pairs.These currency pairs consist of any two major currencies, excluding the USD. These currency pairs consist of any two major currencies, excluding the USD. For example, GBP/EUR and AUD/JPY.
- Major pairs. EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF, USD/CAD, AUD/USD, are regarded as the primary currency pairs.
- Exotic pairs.These pairs comprise a major currency against one from a developing economy. For example, EUR/TRY and USD/HUF.
Uses of the Forex Markets
The forex market serves various purposes.
- Traders seek to gain profits through speculation on currency price changes.
- Large corporations engaged in international business utilize the forex market to safeguard against currency price fluctuations.
- Portfolio managers employ the forex market as a means to diversify their investment holdings.
How to Start Trading Forex
Before delving into forex trading, it's advantageous to invest time in understanding the market and elements like the potential risks associated with leverage. Numerous valuable free resources are accessible online to assist you in this regard, such as the educational section available on this website.Commencing forex trading necessitates the opening of an account with a reputable forex brokerage firm. Typically, this is a swift and straightforward process achievable online through the broker's website.It is recommended to select a broker regulated by a top-tier government agency. For instance, brokers regulated by the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) ensure that client funds are held in segregated accounts, offer negative balance protection, and provide access to a compensation fund in case of broker insolvency. Conversely, forex brokers situated offshore generally face minimal regulatory oversight, posing higher risks for collaboration.Many brokers have minimal initial deposit requirements, with some even allowing a $0 minimum for account opening. To comply with regulatory standards, certain brokers now incorporate a 'Know Your Customer' (KYC) questionnaire as part of the application process. This questionnaire is designed to ensure brokers comprehend your risk tolerance, market knowledge, and overall financial standing. It may include basic inquiries about forex and CFD trading.
Novice forex traders should take note of overnight swap fees, associated with holding a leveraged position overnight, which can accumulate significantly. Another prevalent fee imposed by forex brokers is an inactivity fee, applicable when an account remains dormant for a specified duration.
The majority of brokers provide a complimentary demo account for practicing trading without risking real money. Prior to engaging in live trading, it is advisable to formulate and test a strategy in a demo account. Additionally, micro accounts and adjustable lot sizes enable new traders to practice with real funds while minimizing risk. Keeping a trading journal is a valuable habit for newcomers, aiding in the identification of strengths and weaknesses while monitoring progress.
Basic Forex Trading Strategies
Forex trading strategies can be categorized into two primary types: fundamental and technical.A fundamental strategy involves trading based on economic news. For instance, a trader might observe the US employment report, finding it worse than analysts' consensus expectations. In response, they may choose to buy EUR/USD, anticipating a weakening of the dollar in light of the disappointing US data.On the other hand, technical strategies rely on the analysis of price data. One example is seeking price breakouts in the direction of the prevailing market trend. The London Opening Range Breakout (LORB) is an instance of such a strategy. During the London open, traders using this approach search for GBP/USD's price to break out above a recent high or below a recent low on the hourly chart, expecting the price to continue trending in that direction.
Another fundamental technical strategy involves trading based on price action. In this approach, traders identify specific chart patterns indicating whether the price is likely to reverse or persist in the current direction. The Pin Bar, a popular reversal pattern, exemplifies this. In the Pin Bar pattern, the price reaches a new high (or low) and then reverses to close near the opening, signaling a lack of conviction among the bulls (or bears).
Forex traders engage in trading activities across various time frames.
- Scalpers enter and exit trades within seconds or minutes, aiming to capitalize on minor price fluctuations.
- Day traders by definition, close their market positions before the day concludes. This practice assists in securing profits and mitigating the risks and costs associated with holding trades overnight.
- Swing traders generally, maintain trades for days or weeks, enabling traders to potentially gain from significant market price movements.
- Long-term investors maintain market positions for extended periods, spanning months or even years. The advantage of holding such prolonged positions in the forex market lies in the potential for capitalizing on significant price trends and earning interest from a positive interest rate differential.
Charts Used in Forex Trading
The commonly used chart varieties in forex trading include Bar Charts, Candlestick Charts, and Line Charts.
- Bar Charts depict the opening and closing prices, along with the highs and lows, of a financial instrument during a specified timeframe.
- Candlestick Charts, akin to Bar charts, showcase the high, low, open, and closing prices over a designated time frame. Candlesticks facilitate traders in discerning whether the market is bullish or bearish within a specific period by coloring the area between the open and close in green or red. Green indicates a market closure higher than the open, while red indicates a closure lower than the open.
- Line Charts simply connect one closing price to the next. While this chart type offers a clear view of price trends, it provides limited insights into the activities within each time period.
Is Forex Trading Profitable?
Forex trading has the potential for profitability; however, data provided by leading brokerage firms indicate that most traders end up losing money.Primary contributors to trader losses encompass improper utilization of leverage, insufficient education, and trading costs like spreads or commissions. It's crucial to underscore that accurately timing the market and predicting short-term market movements are exceptionally challenging endeavors.
What is Margin in Forex?
Margin is the initial capital needed to initiate and uphold a leveraged position in the market. For instance, a 1% margin requirement corresponds to an available leverage of 1:100. This implies that with $1,000, a trader can manage a market position worth $100,000. Margin represents a percentage of the entire value of a trading position that must be present in a trader's account to execute and sustain the trade.Brokerages impose diverse margin requirements and offer varying leverage based on their location and compliance with local regulatory standards. For instance, traders under UK-based brokers have access to 1:30 leverage, reflecting a 3.3% margin requirement, as per the regulations of the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). In contrast, offshore regulators often have less stringent requirements, allowing traders with such brokers to access leverage as high as 1:500, accompanied by a margin requirement of only 0.2%.Employing low margin requirements and engaging in high-leverage trading empowers traders to significantly amplify their exposure to market movements. However, it's crucial to recognize that leveraged trading involves a substantial level of risk. Termed as a 'double-edged sword,' leverage has the potential to magnify both profits and losses.
What is the Spread in Forex?
The spread refers to the difference between the bid and ask (or offer) prices of a currency pair. For instance, consider EUR/USD, where the bid price is 1.14123 and the ask price is 1.14133. This implies that the most favorable buying price for EUR/USD is 1.14133, while the best selling price is 1.14123. In this scenario, the spread, which is the gap between the bid and ask prices, is one pip. A pip stands for "percentage in point" or "price interest point" and serves as a unit of measurement indicating the change in the value of an exchange rate.
What is a Pip in Forex Trading?
Pip is short for "percentage in point" and denotes a unit measuring price movement in a currency pair. Typically, pips represent the smallest price increment for a currency pair and are found in the fourth decimal place. Additionally, a pipette is one-tenth of a pip and is typically located in the fifth decimal place.
Pros and Cons of Forex Trading
Forex trading presents significant pros and cons when juxtaposed with other markets. Notably, recent advancements in the equities market, such as the introduction of fractional share trading and commission-free trading, have diminished certain advantages traditionally associated with forex.
Pros of Forex Trading
- Accessibility: Opening online forex trading accounts is often a swift process, taking approximately half an hour, and can be funded with as little as $100. With continuous 24/5 market operations, traders can easily enter and exit positions at any time, day or night.
- Fees: The decentralized nature of the forex market eliminates exchange or clearing fees. Typically, trade entry costs are factored into the spread, except when trading with an Electronic Communications Network (ECN) broker, where an additional commission may apply. ECN brokers provide direct access to other market participants rather than taking the opposite side of client trades.
- Leverage: The forex market offers notably high leverage, generally considered an advantage. However, as highlighted earlier, increased leverage can magnify both profits and losses, making it a factor that doesn't always work in the trader's favor.
- Lot Size Flexibility: Traders are not typically constrained to full-sized lots of 100,000 units of the base currency. Many brokers allow trading in smaller denominations, such as mini lots of 10,000 units or micro lots of 1,000 units.
- Short Selling Ease: The capability to short sell a currency pair is inherent, a feature not universally available in other markets like stocks.
- Liquidity: The immense scale and high trading volume in the forex market contribute to its remarkable liquidity. This enhances the likelihood of obtaining the intended price during trade execution. Moreover, highly liquid markets are more challenging to manipulate, fostering a more favorable trading environment for all participants.
Cons of Forex Trading
- Lack of Regulation.The forex market often faces limited regulatory supervision. For instance, a trader opting for a broker regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) benefits from features like segregated funds, negative balance protection, and a compensation fund in case of broker insolvency. However, traders with offshore-based brokers might not enjoy such safeguards. Furthermore, the presence of multiple entities managed by large brokers across the globe, each overseen by different regulators, adds complexity. Client protections provided by one regulatory entity, such as CySEC, may not extend to clients associated with offshore entities.
- Conflict of Interest.Market Maker/Dealing Desk forex brokers automatically take the opposing side of a client's trade. This means that when a client incurs losses, the broker profits, establishing an inherent conflict of interest.
- Dividends.Unlike stocks, currencies do not typically yield dividend payments. However, forex traders can explore potential gains from varying interest rates between currencies through a strategy known as the Carry Trade. This strategy involves purchasing a pair where the base currency offers a high interest yield, while the quote currency has a lower yield. By doing so, investors can earn the interest rate differential: the interest earned from buying the high-yielding pair minus the interest paid from selling the low-yielding pair. Leverage can amplify earnings from the Carry Trade, transforming, for example, a 4% interest rate differential to 400% at 1:100 leverage.
Is Forex Trading Legitimate and Legal?
Forex trading is a lawful and valid form of trading. However, given the decentralized and frequently under-regulated structure of the market, it has gained a reputation for scams. Individuals must exercise caution by thoroughly researching brokers and avoiding the temptation to purchase courses or software that promise rapid profits.
Forex Terminology
The forex market possesses its own terminology. Below are some of the frequently employed terms in forex trading.
- Base Currency: The base currency is the initial currency in a currency pair, and the price of the pair indicates the value of the base currency in the second currency.
- Quote Currency: The quote currency is the second currency in a currency pair, and the price of the pair represents the cost of acquiring one unit of the base currency by selling the quote currency.
- Spread: The spread signifies the difference between a forex broker's bid (buy) and offer (sell) quotes.
- Pip: Typically, a pip is the smallest price increment in a currency pair.
- Swap Fee: The swap fee is the charge imposed by forex brokers for holding a leveraged market position overnight.
- Carry Trade: The Carry Trade strategy involves concurrently buying a high-interest-yielding currency and selling a lower-yielding currency. This allows investors to profit from the interest rate differential between the two currencies.
- Cable: Cable is a colloquial term for the GBP/USD currency pair, originating from the time when the GBP/USD exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable.
- Loonie: Loonie refers to the Canadian dollar, and the nickname is derived from the image of a loon on Canada's $1 coin.
- Kiwi: Kiwi is informal slang for the New Zealand Dollar, named after the Kiwi bird depicted on New Zealand's $1 coin.
- Greenback: Greenback is a common term used to denote the US Dollar.
